The feminist movement was a success in regards to sports because Title IX was established which makes sure that female athletes get the same opportunities as males. The goals of the feminist movement varied depending on the wave. “The first wave refers to the feminist movement of the 19th through early 20th centuries, which focused mainly on women suffrage”("Feminist Movement." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 30 Apr. 2012. Web. 30 Apr. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_movement>). “The second wave (1960s-1980s) was concerned with gender inequality in laws and culture”("Feminist Movement." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 30 Apr. 2012. Web. 30 Apr. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_movement >). “....The third wave was less reactive, and had a greater focus on developing the different achievements of women in America”("Feminist Movement." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 30 Apr. 2012. Web. 30 Apr. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_movement>). Female participation in sports was a main concern in the second wave of feminism. The leaders of the feminist movement pushed for bills to be passed so that women could get equal rights. In 1964, “Title VII of the Civil Rights Act bars discrimination in employment on the basis of race and sex”(⁴ Infoplease. Infoplease. Web. 30 Apr. 2012 <http://www.infoplease.com/spot/womenstimeline2.html>). They pressured congress and made them realize that they are just as important as men and in-turn Title IX on June 23, 1972 was enforced. “Title IX of the Education Amendments bans sex discrimination in schools. It states: “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance"( Infoplease. Infoplease. Web. 30 Apr. 2012. <http://www.infoplease.com/spot/womenstimeline2.html>.). Title IX played a major role in female participation in sports and still does because of Title IX the number of women in athletic programs increased dramatically. After women were able to participate in sports and athletic events like the marathon they excelled. In the graph below it shows that five years after women were allowed to participate in the marathon the time it took them to finish dropped to 2 and a half hours. 

"Sociological Images." Gender: Sports ». Web. 30 Apr. 2012. <http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/tag/gender-sports/>.

Although the men recorder is faster it is only by ten minutes which is much less than the hour it was when women first were allowed to run. This shows that with commitment and practice women can be just as good as men in athletics. The goals of the feminist movement were me. Women are treated more like equals and are given more opportunities to excel then they were in the 60’s and 70’s. They aren’t treated completely like equals but they have the same opportunities and chances to be what they want to be because of the feminist movement. The feminist movement was a success because the percentage of females participating in sports has increased according to the latest study in 2003. The chart below shows that 45% of 60 females attended PE class only and 55% of 60 females played on one or more sports teams. Females are excelling thanks to the hard work of the feminist movement. 

"About the USASportsSchool&College Sports." About the USA. Web. 30 Apr. 2012. <http://usa.usembassy.de/sports-youth.htm>.

Sports Participation and Effect on Business and Education

Origin: Web. 25 Apr. 2012. <http://bpp.wharton.upenn.edu>.
Summary: The source makes a connection between female participation and sports. "As a result, U.S. female high school athletic participation rose dramatically from 1 in 27 females in 1972 to 1 in 4 in 1978"(Stevenson). More females started to participate in sports in school and because they had an opportunity to play sports in school they were no longer just getting educated but also being active. It is proven that participation in sports results in better wages and because women were allowed to participate in sports they had the same opportunities as men. "The fact that athletic participation (and only athletic participation among all extra-curricular activities) is associated with higher wages suggests that sports have an especially strong correlation with a type of ability that is both an important determinant of wages and is not measured by other observable variables" (Stevenson). The source shows that women participation in sports dramatically increased after Title IX was established. "This fraction increased from 1971 when approximately 1 in 13 athletes were female to 1997 when 2 in 5 athletes were female.  Note that the most dramatic changes occurred from 1972-1978, corresponding with Title IX’s timing"(Stevenson). It is learned that the more women that participated in sports the more education they attained. "The first row in the first column of Table 4 suggests that a 10 percentage point increase in the female athletic participation rate in a state generates an increase in the average educational attainment among women of 0.021 years" (Stevenson).  Overall this source reveals that because women had the opportunity to participate in sports it opened many doors for them in school and after school. 


Value: Important dates, talks about males and females, statistics, graphs, talks about Title IX, mentions the Civil Rights Act of 1964, talks about how women participation in sports has been effective as a whole, sites sources, informal, and uses tables. 


Limitations: Bias, secondary source, uses graphs and tables to prove a point, doesn't provide an exact study on the correlation between female participation in sports and business and education, and it's wordy and not straight to the point. 


Analysis: It shows an achievement of the feminist movement because after Title IX was passed many more women participated in sports and had the opportunity to do it in school. It reveals that Title IX had to be taken seriously because schools had to drop male teams if they didn't mean Title IX requirements. This also shows a failure because Title IX isn't meant to favor women but supposed to give everyone no matter race or gender a fair opportunity in federal funded extra-curricular activities. It shows that because of the hard work done during the feminist movement women were and still are able to get better jobs and be treated as an equal and not differently because they appear weaker. It shows a major success because women are able to get good jobs and get a good educate because of the work done during the feminist movement. "Without controlling for education, playing a high school sport is associated with more than 10 percent higher wages for both men and women"(Stevenson). Because of the hard work of the feminist movement are now able to get better jobs and earn more money and be more independent. This source shows a success because of the feminist movement women are able to be more independent and get treated more like equals. 

Downfall to Title IX

Origin: "TITLE IX LAWS AND INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS." Title IX And Its Effect On College Athletic Programs. Web. 09 Apr. 2012. <http://www.athleticscholarships.net/title-ix-college-athletics.htm>.


Summary: A student named Michael Lancaster got his scholarship taken because of the Title IX laws. Nicholls State University count his cross country and track program so that they could be in NCAA Title IX compliance. He talks about why some men athletics were cut when the goal of the amendment was to provide equal opportunity. "Unfortunately, I had my scholarship as well as my fellow male teammates’ scholarships cut at Nicholls State University so that the athletic program would be in NCAA Title IX compliance. There is no longer a men’s track and cross country program at Nicholls State University due to Title IX laws." In this paper Michael explores if Title IX has truly provided equal opportunity for both sexes or just woman and if it has caused reverse sexism. He talks about how women were treated before the Title IX amendment and after and what it did for them and how they were often denied access into universities. Michael also mentions that regardless of the Title IX amendment women still don't receive equal opportunities as men. "Women were forced to have higher test scores than their male classmates in order to make it into Universities and women received half the amount of scholarships than men that were valued less than 50 percent than the scholarships that were offered to males." Michael talks about how women still don't receive equal opportunities as men. He explores if the Title IX amendment is bias and effective for one type of gender or for every type of person. 

Value: Not bias, talks about woman and men, primary source, trying to prove a point that men scholarships shouldn't be taken because of the Title IX amendment, dates, gives history of Title IX, provides facts from other colleges, table of the number of teams dropped because of Title IX laws, and it shares a personal story. 

Limitation: Trying to persuade people that men scholarships do not need to be taken, Doesn't mention when he went to Nicholls and when this happen, and he recommends other athletic programs (football) where money can be taken rather than suggestion a solution to the problem of dropping teams instead of finding a way to accommodate all of them. 

Analysis: This source shows both a failure and achievement of the feminist movement because the Title IX amendment which allows any person to participate in any sport without being treated differently isn't as effective as it's supposed to be. Title IX says, "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." It's supposed to provide equal opportunities to everyone no matter what but instead it's forcing universities to accommodate women and as a result dropping men athletic programs. This is not what the amendment is supposed to do women are supposed to be treated equally and not receive any special treatment because they are women. Therefore despite all the good it has done there are some flaws in the amendment. On the other hand this shows an accomplishment to the feminist movement because Title IX is being enforced and many more women are participating in sports and receiving athletic scholarships to do so. It says, "Before Title IX had evolved, “[…] fewer than 300,000 girls participated in high school sports, about one in 27” (Garber 2005)." This source clearly shows that the Title IX amendment is helpful but it can be improved and should not only focus on women and their rights but everyones like it is supposed to. 

Quotes from Feminist on Sports

Origin: "Sports Quotes 5." Sports Quotes Find Awesome Sports Quotes Here. Web. 04 Apr. 2012. <http://www.motivational-depot.com/quotes/sports/sports-quotes-v.htm>.


Summary: This source provides information on the opinions of sports and female participation in sports. The source provides quotations from a variety of athletes, trainers, presidents, and philosophers. They give their opinions about what playing a sport means to them and some cases what it's like being a woman playing a sport.  "People in the States used to think that if girls were good at sports their sexuality would be affected. Being feminine meant being a cheerleader, not being an athlete. The image of women is changing now. You don't have to be pretty for people to come and see you play. At the same time, if you're a good athlete, it doesn't mean you're not a woman"- Martina Navratilova. The perspective of other people on sports and what it means to be an athlete are expressed. This source gives insight on what it means to be an athlete and how women feel when the opportunity to be an athlete is taken away or not easily accessible. 


Value: Primary Source, dates from when the people said, names and occupations, variety of people and occupations, not bias, and it's informal.


Limitation: Doesn't show reactions to quotations, not always specific on who said it and when, 


Analysis: The source shows an accomplishment of the feminist movement because it shows how the mindset of people is changing they don't believe that if you're a good athlete you have to be manly and that if you're a good athlete you are less of a woman. People are also understanding that being an athlete doesn't mean just being a cheerleader it can mean being a football, basketball, lacrosse, softball, or tennis player. Society's view on women is changing and this shows how much the feminist movement was a success because women are no longer being judged or expected to do one thing or another they can do whatever and be the person they want to be. This source shows a major accomplishment because it's no longer necessary for a woman to look good in order for someone to come to see her game, if she is a good athlete people will show up and that's one of the many goals the feminist movement aimed to accomplish. 
                                         
 

Canada and Title IX

"The New Women's Movement." The New Women's Movement. Web. 30 Apr. 2012. <http://thenewwomensmovement.tumblr.com/>.

 
Origin: "Canada Says No to Title IX." Stand Your Ground. Web. 03 Apr. 2012. <http://standyourground.com/forums/index.php?topic=12688.0>.


Summary: The source is about how the Canadian Association for the Advancement of Women and Sports  (CAAWS) wants Canada to adopt a similar to Title IX like the United States. It provides statistics about how Title IX was extremely beneficial for women but not necessarily for men. Between 1985 and 1997, opportunities for men fell 12 percent, while they rose 16 percent for women. Despite Canada not having a  policy like Title IX many Canadians argued that many universities already have gender policies and give females the leverage to force change on campus. In June 2000, Canada adopted a policy from the CIS that required institutions to provide the same number of athletic awards to male and female athletes by 2005. The source mentions that 66% of athletic awards go to men.


Value: Primary Source, Compares women statistics to men, mentions important dates, one perspective, comments from other people, not only about Canada, and it's informal. 


Limitation: Bias, doesn't say why Canada doesn't have the Title IX policy, doesn't tell institutions that do have gender policies, and it doesn't mention institutions that don't have gender policies.

Analysis: This source is an example of a failure of the feminist movement but at the same time an accomplishment. It shows that America has changed it's ways and adopted a policy making things equal for women but not other places in the world. The feminist movements primary focus was in America when it should have been on women all over the world. It shows that they were successful because the Title IX was established in America but unsuccessful because the policy doesn't apply anywhere else. At the same time it's an accomplishment because Canada sees what the American women did during the feminist movement and it aspires them to do the same. It gives other women hope and motivates them to get equal right for themselves. Even though it isn't a policy in Canada, because of Title IX gender equalities are already established in certain institutions in Canada. They just need to work to make it a policy so everywhere in Canada all women will have the same opportunities. 

"Footballnews.com.au." Footballnews.com.au. Web. 30 Apr. 2012. <http://www.footballnews.com.au/article.php?id=1735>.

Origin: "Title IX Athletic Statistics." Title IX and Athletic Statistics. Web. 03 Apr. 2012. <http://www.aauw.org/act/laf/library/athleticStatistics.cfm>.


Summary: This source provides statistics about the increase in the number of female athletes in high school and in the NCAA. It compares the number of women who participated in sports in the 1971 and 1972 to 2007 and 2008. In 1971-1972 the number of high school female athletes was 294,015 and in 2007-2008 it was 3,057,266 a 940% increase. In 1971-1972 the number of female varsity NCAA athletes was 29,972 and in 2004- 05 it was 166,728 a 456% increase. The source also provides statistics about male athletes in 1971-72 and 2007-08. In 1971-72 there were 3,666,917 high school male athletes and in 2007-08 there were 4,372, 115 high school male athletes. It also mentions that even though the female athlete participation is still increasing the rate of growth is slowing. 26,000 more women participated in college athletics in 2005 than in 1995. However, only 15% of the increase happened between 2001 and 2005. The source also includes the amount of money given to division one and two male and female athletes. Division 1 males received 2,192,500 dollars in scholarships in 2005-06 and female athletes received 1,809,500 dollars in scholarship money. It also mentions the benefits of woman academically because of sports and the health benefits it provides them. 


Value: Important statistics, information from high school and college leagues, sites sources, not bias, comes from a organization, and it doesn't only talk about women it includes statistics about men 


Limitation: Doesn't site all sources, not a primary source, doesn't specify specific places where women participated in athletics more, and it's not about another country or place.


Analysis: The source is credible and provides good information because it was published by the AAUW which is an organization to help break through barriers for women and girls. It shows achievement of the feminist movement at first in 1971-72 there were 294,015 high school females athletes then it increased 940% and in 2007-08 the number of high school female athletes was 3,057,266. This was a major increase and a huge accomplishment for the feminist movement. It shows an achievement because the number of females participating in sports and got scholarships to participate in division 1 sports skyrocketed drastically. Despite the major increase of female involvement in athletics the rate of growth of female athletes is slowing because they have many more opportunities to participate in other activities. Making the feminist movement even more of a success because it truly provided women with the opportunity to excel not only in sports but other areas of interest. 

Feminist Theory Applied to Sports

 "Former Indian Tennis Player Awarded World Trophy at Conference on Women and Sport | Latest | Insidethegames.biz." Insidethegames.biz. Web. 30 Apr. 2012. <http://www.insidethegames.biz/latest/15931-former-indian-tennis-player-awarded-world-trophy-at-conference-on-women-and-sport>.

Origin: "The Sociology of Sports:." Google Books. Web. 03 Apr. 2012. <http://books.google.com/books?id=YEybKqyfVNwC>.                          


Summary: In this source the author talks about how in the 1960s the feminist were more concerned with socio-political issues designed to empower women. Then in 1970 that all changed. In 1972, the United States passed Title IX which was the most important event that occurred in regard to women's participation in sports. Title IX declared, "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance." In 1971, there were nearly 3.7 million boys playing varsity sports, but just 295,000 girls. After several lawsuits women's involvement in sports sky rocketed in the 1980s and 1990s.


Value: Secondary Source, important dates, from a book, statistics, charts


Limitations: Bias, not a primary source, not specific, theoretical 


Analysis: This source shows a major achievement of the feminist movement because it discusses Title IX which was the largest accomplishment for women in the civil rights movement it gave them the right to participate in activities and educational programs. It talks about how in the 1980s and 1990s the number of women playing sports increased and before the Title IX was passed there was a 12.5:1 ration of boys to girls who play varsity high school sports. Title IX was a major accomplishment because it was one of the many tokens women needed to be able do everything men could do. It shows an achievement because change was made after the U.S. passed Title IX not instantly but over time and still today women continue to excel because of the opportunity Title IX provided them.